1. Gene mutations/epigenetic alterations | |
  Mitotic checkpoint defects, e.g. BUB1, MAD1 and CENPE | |
  Microtubule attachment defects, e.g. aurora kinase B, Cydlin A, |  |
  Mitotic spindle and centrosome defects | [116] |
  Other CIN-related mutation, e.g. p53, ATM | [117] |
2. Stress- (physiological, pathological and pharmaceutical) related responses | |
  Defective mitotic figures (condensation defects) (DMF, sticky chromosomes) | |
  Chromosome fragmentations (C-Frags) | |
  Genome chaos | |
  Chromosomal cycle variations (replication, condensation, segregation, de-condensation) | [104] |
  Non-specific stress (triggers type II CIN) | [50] |
3. Genome system variability | |
  Fuzzy inheritance | |
  Cellular adaptation | |
  Survival under high stress |